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The Battle of Plassey was fought in

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NDA ANSWER KEY - GAT 2022 (1) SET B

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NDA ANSWER KEY - GAT 2022 (1) SET B

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NDA ANSWER KEY - GAT 2022 (1)

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winter solstice.
● The greater part of the southern hemisphere gets the direct rays of the sun so the days are
long and the nights are short here. In the northern hemisphere the nights are longer than
the days at this time. The southern hemisphere has summer. The northern hemisphere has
winter.

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Seasons
● The seasons are caused due to the combined effect of the earth’s revolution and the tilt of
its axis in the same direction throughout the year.
● The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter.
● The earth is moving around the sun on its tilted axis. It varies when observed on a daily and
monthly basis, at different times of the year.
● On 21 March and 23 September, the sun rises precisely in the east and sets exactly in the
west.

Equinoxes

● During the equinoxes, the periods of day light and darkness are equal all over the world. It
happens on two days of the year 21 march and 23th September.
● On 21 March the sun is directly overhead at the equator. This position of the sun is called
spring equinox.
● On 23 September the sun is directly overhead on the equator and it is called autumn
equinox.

Solstice

● Solstice is one of the two dates in the year on which the sun reaches greatest altitude north
or south of the equator and is directly overhead along one of the lines of the tropics.


Summer Solstice
● On June 21 the earth is so located in its orbit that the sun is overhead on the tropic of cancer
(23½º N). The day 21 June is known as summer solstice.
● On this date the northern hemisphere is tipped towards the sun having the longest day.
While the southern hemisphere is tipped away from the sun having the shortest day.
● On that day the North Pole is inclined or tilted towards the sun. It, therefore, experiences
complete light for 24 hours. The South Pole has tilted away from the sun so it is incomplete
darkness for 24 hours.

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THE EARTH
● Pythagoras (582-507 B.C.) believed that the Earth was a sphere. He was the first to suggest
that the earth was shaped like a globe.
● The earth has two basic movements: 1) Rotation and 2) Revolution.
Rotation of Earth
● The earth completes one rotation in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. It rotates in
an eastward direction opposite to the apparent movement of the sun.
● The earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23½q from a perpendicular to the ecliptic plane.
● The velocity of the earth’s rotation varies depending on the distance of a given place from the
equator.
● The rotational velocity at the poles is nearly zero. The greatest velocity of the rotation is
found at the equator.
Effects of Earth’s Rotation
● The apparent rising and setting of the sun is actually caused by the earth’s rotation which
results in the alternate occurrence of day and night everywhere on the earth’s surface.
● Rotation of the earth is also responsible for the difference in time between different places
on the earth.
● Rotation causes the working of the Coriolis force which results in the deflection of the winds
and the ocean currents from their normal path.
● Tide is caused by the rotation of the earth apart from the gravitational pull of the sun and
the moon
Revolution of the Earth
● The movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun in an anti-clockwise direction, that is,
from west to east is called the revolution of the earth.
● The period taken by the earth to complete one revolution around the sun is 365 days and 6
hours.
● The distance of the earth from sun varies from time to time due to the elliptical shape of the
orbit.
● January 3rd the earth is closest to the sun and it is said to be at Perihelion. At Perihelion, the
distance is 147 million km.
● July 4th the earth is farthest from the sun and it is said to be at Aphelion. At Aphelion the
distance of the earth is 152 million km away from the sun.
Effects of revolution of the earth
The revolution of earth results in:
● Cycle of seasons
● Variation in length of days and nights
● Variation in the distribution of solar energy over the earth and the temperature zones

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The idea of Democracy during British India and Post-independence

Mahatma Gandhi on Democracy

● “Democracy must mean the art of science of mobilizing the entire physical,
economic and spiritual resources of all the various sections of people in the
service of the common good for all.”
● “To safeguard democracy the people must have a keen sense of independence,
self-respect and their oneness, and should insist upon choosing as their
representatives only such persons as are good and true.”
● Gandhian concept of Self Rule means Swaraj is real democracy, where people’s
power rests in the individuals and each one realizes that he or she is the real
master of one’s self.

Nehru on Democracy

● “Democracy, if it means anything, means equality; not merely the equality of
possessing a vote but economic and social equality.”

Karachi resolution

● In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session reflected the vision of democracy
that meant not just formal holding of elections but a substantive reworking of the
Indian social structure in order to have a genuinely democratic society.
The framers of the Indian Constitution were inspired by principles of social equality and
political justice to introduce adult suffrage immediately–a big step forward to protect our
Indian Democracy.

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Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966)
● The third Five Year Plan is also called 'Gadgil Yojana.
● The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent and to reach
a self-propelled position or take off.
● The plan aimed to increase national income by 30 % and agriculture production by 30 %.
● Due to the Indo-China war, this plan could not achieve its growth target of 5.6%.

Plan Holiday or Three Annual (1966-1969)

● The main reason behind the planned holiday was the Indo-Pakistan war & the failure of the third plan.
● During this period, annual plans (1966-1967, 1967-1968 & 1968-1969) were made and equal
priority was given to agriculture, its allied sectors, and the industry sector.

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