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Who was King Prithvi Narayan Shah?
Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) was the founder of modern Nepal. He was the first King of the unified Kingdom of Nepal and ruled from 1743 until his death in 1775. Before him, Nepal was divided into small, independent kingdoms and principalities, like the Kathmandu Valley (ruled by the Malla kings), Gorkha, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, and more.
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Early Life
• Born: January 11, 1723 in Gorkha
• Father: King Nara Bhupal Shah
• Mother: Queen Kaushalyavati Devi
• He became king of Gorkha at the age of 20 in 1743 after his father’s death.
From a young age, Prithvi Narayan Shah was interested in military strategy, politics, and leadership. He believed Nepal needed to be unified to be strong and independent.
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The Unification Campaign
At the time, Nepal was politically fragmented. Prithvi Narayan Shah launched a long military campaign to unify these small kingdoms. His major targets were:
1. Kathmandu Valley: Consisting of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur — rich and culturally advanced Malla kingdoms.
2. Nuwakot: A strategic area for trade routes between Tibet and India.
Key Milestones:
• 1744: Captured Nuwakot after earlier failed attempts. This was a turning point.
• 1768–1769: Successfully conquered Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, completing the unification of the Kathmandu Valley.
• He expanded the territory east and west of the valley, laying the foundation for what is now modern Nepal.
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Policies & Beliefs
• National Unity: He believed in one strong, united Nepal and worked to integrate different ethnic groups.
• Anti-Colonial Vision: He was aware of British expansion in India and warned against foreign influence. He famously called Nepal a “yam between two boulders” (referring to being between China and British India).
• Religious Tolerance: Though Hindu himself, he respected other religions and cultures.
• Economic Development: Promoted local production and discouraged the import of foreign goods.
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Death & Legacy
• Died: January 11, 1775 (on his 52nd birthday)
• Buried in Devighat, Nuwakot.
His legacy includes:
• Being known as the “Father of the Nation” in Nepal.
• His ideas, especially from his famous political will “Divyopadesh” (Sacred Teachings), continue to influence Nepali politics and nationalism.
• His statue stands tall at Singha Durbar and many other public places.
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Interesting Facts
• He never saw himself just as the king of Gorkha but always as the unifier of all Nepalis.
• He understood early the dangers of British imperialism and wanted Nepal to remain self-reliant.
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