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Welcome to Research Explained, a YouTube channel that makes research accessible and engaging. We cover a wide range of topics, from the basics of research methods to the latest cutting-edge findings. Our videos are designed to help you understand research, no matter your background or level of expertise.

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The different types of research in all major subjects
The ethical considerations of research
The latest research in a variety of fields
We also feature interviews with leading researchers, as well as tutorials on how to use research tools.

Whether you're a student, a researcher, or just someone who's curious about the world, we hope you'll find Research Explained to be a valuable resource.

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Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>

Unable to parse item

Invidious encountered an error while trying to parse this item. For more information see below:

Show technical details 
Title: `Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)`
Date: `2026-07-04T06:36:04Z`
Route: `/channel/UCIRpvnCumn2FXPacAndYrMg`
Version: `2026.02.07-118d635 @ (HEAD detached at v2.20260207.0)`

<details>
<summary>Backtrace</summary>
<p>
   
```
Missing hash key: "collectionThumbnailViewModel" (KeyError)
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/hash.cr:1198:9 in '??'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/json/any.cr:149:5 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:524:17 in 'process'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1035:17 in 'parse_item'
  from src/invidious/yt_backend/extractors.cr:1082:14 in 'extract_items'
  from src/invidious/channels/videos.cr:29:22 in 'get_60_videos:continuation:sort_by'
  from src/invidious/routes/channels.cr:56:36 in 'videos'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/route.cr:13:9 in '->'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:31:37 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from lib/kemal/src/kemal/filter_handler.cr:22:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/invidious/helpers/handlers.cr:80:12 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call_next'
  from src/ext/kemal_static_file_handler.cr:127:14 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/handler.cr:30:7 in 'call'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/http/server/request_processor.cr:51:11 in 'handle_client'
  from /usr/share/crystal/src/fiber.cr:170:11 in 'run'
  from ???
```
</p>
</details>